Effective Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Successful Learning - Essay Example Students’ disappointments can be ascribed to their absence of information in regards to the degree, impediments, and difficulties of internet learning alongside the disadvantages of the learning system and educational plan.  Frustrations and Needs of Online Learners The quantity of web based learning programs has significantly expanded throughout the most recent two decades. Thusly, the instances of students’ dissatisfactions likewise have expanded generally such that blocks their instructive chances. As Hara and Kling (1999) call attention to, the lack of brief input is one of the possible reasons for understudy disappointment in electronic learning. Learners’ self-sufficiency in such manner frequently goes to be a hindrance to their own dynamic cooperation with the mentor when there is no particular login time for learning exercises. Disappointment is the result when there are no unmistakably expressed directions and rules. In that unique circumstance, a new understudy, typically who isn't a PC insightful gets baffled of the new learning framework. Absence of specialized mastery alongside the multifaceted nature of the learning interface can escalate the disappointment and stress. Techniques for Effective Online Learning First of all, as a student you should comprehend that online classes, regardless of whether coordinated or offbeat, contrast a great deal from customary homerooms and learning strategies. Internet adapting typically isn't bound to specifications, and subsequently this thusly increments learners’ obligation in addressing their own needs. As noted in the Illinois Online Network database (2010), the serious issues with web based adapting typically fall into a few classes including yet not restricted to innovation, the facilitator, the online condition, the understudies, the organization and staff, the educational program and so on. So as to dispose of the current pressure, you should recognize in which of the above zones your learning issue endures. In the event that you find that absence of specialized expertise has constrained your learning potential, it is fitting to get help from an outsider. This can be a companion or a relative who might show you the fundamental things in a matter of moments. As Brosche (2010, p. 70) reminds, in the event that you find that the guidelines are questionable, don't stop for a second to demand explanations from the facilitators before you begin getting things done, on the grounds that â€Å"well started is half done†. Something else you should do is to distinguish what sort of a student you are. Individuals, in light of their learning propensities can be sorted into ‘dependent students, autonomous students, serious students, community oriented students, participative students, avoidant learners’ and so on (Stavredes, 2011, p. 18). For example, as Stavredes (2011) brings up, on the off chance that you are a serious student, you will be kee n on going to tests and getting grades. Conversely, on the off chance that you are a synergistic student, you will like gathering works, collaborations, and conversations. Participative students are generally keen on class conversations and thus worried about learning condition though avoidant students are regularly determined by severe cutoff times and disciplines for not meeting them (pp. 18-19). Clearly, you have a place with one of these gatherings, and recognizing your position would assist you with conquering the current dissatisfaction. To represent, on the off chance that you accept that you are a serious student having incredible energy in tests and results, different exercises like synergistic projects may irritate you, for the result of your exertion would be somewhat baffling one. Be that as it may,

Accordian Crimes essays

Accordian Crimes articles Political Implications of Accordion Crimes E. Annie Proulxs, Accordion Crimes takes an inside and out gander at numerous different settler families social, social, strict and ideological commitments to the American society and political framework. Proulx subtleties every ethnic gatherings battle to keep up their own exceptional personality. In any case, every gathering endeavors at staying extraordinary really designs the other. In doing as such, these gatherings really add to frame another American nation. This development of another nation is Proulxs topic. The new American nation is shaped through difficult work, solidarity and determination enduring an onslaught. They are very clear in the Italian, German and Polish ethnicities. Proulx acquaints the crowd with an Italian accordion producer. The Accordion Producer, follows this Italian keeps an eye on excursion to the United States. He thought of another life, new and unused, of cash hanging later on like pears covered up in high leaves.(19). Cash is an essential mechanical assembly for moving to America. Looking for some kind of employment was troublesome, and he before long learned he should offer for work. In doing as such, the Italian takes a intense training in free endeavor: That is the manner by which it works in America...[y]ou must compensation to be paid.(28). In this way, the Italian did, and buckled down on natural product pontoons until he saw the chance to sell his hand-created accordions. The German settlers are likewise acquainted with a free-advertise economy. They take an alternate course, and build up a network called, Prank. They spent the mid year developing and pounding, raising casings and fencing, pacing off new fields for corn and oats and roughage. (60). With their insight into cultivating and carpentry Beutle, Messermacher what's more, Loats before long discover their locale flourishing. They adjust a way of thinking, Vork hard and favorable luck to come.&quo... <!

SIPA Events April COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Events April COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Sorry, I just cannot help it.   I know these event lists are overwhelming, but thats actually why I cannot help myself.   SIPA is much like New York City there is always SO MUCH going on.   Not only do you get a great education and classes, you have all of the extra events on top to add to the fun.   Dive in . . . Monday, April 11, 2011 Wendy Freedman The 36th Bampton Lectures in America Tuesday, April 5, 2011 through Thursday, April 14, 2011 7:00 pm 8:00 pm Columbia University Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration and Religion Lecture Series by Wendy Freedman, Director of the Carnegie Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Since the completion of the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project, Freedman has studied the behavior of supernovae to better determine the nature of the mysterious cosmic phenomenon known as dark energy, which appears to play an essential role in the rate at which the universe is expanding. Freedman has also further refined the Hubble constant and is spearheading the effort to construct the 25-meter class Giant Magellan Telescope. Locating Tolerance: The Conflict over the Mamilla Cemetery in Jerusalem 11:00 am 6:00 pm International Affairs Building Room 1501 Middle East Institute Conference with Wendy Brown, Heller Professor of Political Science, Berkeley; David T Goldberg, Director of the University of California Humanities Research Institute; Rashid Khalidi, Co-Director Center for Palestine Studies and Edward Said Professor of Modern Arab Studies, Columbia University; Saree Makdisi, Professor of English and Comparative Literature, UCLA; Eyal Weizman, Director of Centre of Research Architecture at Goldsmiths. Register The Australian Miracle: Abandoning and Overtaking the U.S. as It Joins the China Club 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 918 Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture with Robert Gregory, Professor of Economics, Research School of the Social Sciences, The Australian National University. Nationalism, Ethnicity and Demography 12:00 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1512 Institute for African Studies Lecture. Sub-Saharan Africa has shifted from having a low population density and no population growth in the 19th century to an extremely high population growth today. 14th Annual David N. Dinkins Leadership and Public Policy Forum: Crisis in State Budgets 12:00 pm 4:00 pm The Italian Academy, 1161 Amsterdam Avenue, (Between West 116th and West 118th Streets) School of International and Public Affairs Public Policy Forum with keynote address by U.S. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, followed by two panel discussions moderated by Ester Fuchs, Professor of International and Public Affairs and Political Science and Dorian Warren, Assistant Professor of International and Public Affairs and Political Science. Registration required and seating is limited. Register Indias Economic Growth and Food Crisis 1:00 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1401 SIPA South Asian Association Talk with Prabhat Patnaik, Vice-Chairman of the Planning Board of the Indian state of Kerala. Pizza will be served. Haiti One Year On: Benchmarks and Expectations 7:00 pm 9:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 The United Nations Studies Program Working Group and the Humanitarian Affairs Working Group Discussion Panel featuring Patrick Hein, UN DPKO Political Affairs Officer, Europe Latin America Division; Shonta Collins, Founder/President, Explorers Sans Frontieres; and Alex Fischer, Associate Director, Earth Institute Haiti Task Force. Moderated by Professor Elisabeth Lindenmayer, Director, UN Studies Program. Seating is first come, first served. Reception to follow. Tuesday, April 12, 2011 Raul Prebisch Lecture featuring José Antonio Ocampo 11:00 am 1:00 pm (10:00 am 12:00 pm EDT) The UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Society, Santiago Chile Economic Political Development Concentration Raul Prebish Lecture presented by Professor José Antonio Ocampo, Director of the Economic and Political Development Concentration at SIPA. For more information, please contact Melissa Giblock, mg2944@columbia.edu. United Russia and Russian Politics: How Russias Ruling Party Works and Why It Matters 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Harriman Institute Talk by John Reuter, Post-Doctoral Scholar, Harriman Institute. Eboo Patel in Conversation 12:00 pm 1:30 pm Journalism Building, 3rd Floor, World Room Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration and Religion Conversation with Eboo Patel, the founder and executive director of the Interfaith Youth Core, an international nonprofit that aims to promote interfaith cooperation. He is a member of President Barack Obamas Advisory Council on Faith-Based Neighborhood Partnerships. Communism and the Origins of Industrialized Housing Production in Postwar Czechoslovakia 12:30 pm 2:00 pm Avery Hall, Ware Lounge Harriman Institute Talk with Kimberly Elman Zarecor, Assistant Professor of Architecture, Iowa State University. Is It Possible to Prevent Ethnic Conflict? Case Studies from the Work of the Project on Ethnic Relations 1:00 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 902 Center for International Conflict Resolution CICR Lunchtime series event with Livia Plaks, President of the Project on Ethnic Relations (PER). Register A Discussion with Tendai Biti, Zimbabwean Minister of Finance, and Journalist Peter Godwin 1:00 pm 3:00 pm Davis Auditorium, Shaprio Center Committee on Global Thought Discussion with Tendai Biti, the current Minister of Finance of Zimbabwe and Secretary-General for the Movement for Democratic Change political party, and Peter Godwin, an award-winning foreign correspondent, author, documentary-maker, and screenwriter. Peter Godwins most recent book, The Fear, provides a first-hand account of the teetering of Mugabes Zimbabwe surrounding the 2008 elections in the nation. Register The Greek Financial Crisis and International Responses 2:00 pm 5:00 pm Faculty House, Garden Room 1 Harriman Institute Round-table discussion Native Peoples of Taiwan in Present-day Society 2:10 pm 4:00 pm Columbia University Schermerhorn Hall, Room 963 Weatherhead East Asian Institute Lecture with Scott Simon, Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Ottawa. The Fourth Annual Arrow Lecture: “Persons and Time in the Welfare Economics of Climate Change” 6:00 pm 8:00 pm The Rotunda, Low Memorial Library Committee on Global Thought and The Earth Institute Fourth Annual Kenneth Arrow Lecture presented by Economist Sir Partha Dasgupta with discussants Geoffrey Heal, Garrett Professor of Public Policy Corporate Responsibility, Graduate School of Business, Columbia University and Scott Barrett, Lenfest-Earth Institute Professor of Natural Resource Economics, School of International and Public Affairs and The Earth Institute. This event also features Nobel laureates Kenneth Arrow and Joseph Stiglitz. Register Financial Regulation and Monetary Policy Panel Discussion 6:00 pm 7:30 pm Faculty House, Presidential Room I Program in Economic Policy Management Discussion Panel with Andrés Velasco, Chilean Minister of Finance, 2006-2010, Professor of Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School; Alan Taylor, Professor of Economics, University of California, Davis; Gill Hammond, Director, Centre for Central Banking Studies, Bank of England; Andrew Blake, Senior Adviser, Centre for Central Banking Studies, Bank of England. Chaired by Guillermo Calvo, Professor of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University. Reception to follow. Seating is limited. Register by April 7th. Register Debating Poverty Reduction II 6:30 pm 8:30 pm Studio-X New York 180 Varick Street New York, NY 10013 Institute of Latin American Studies Discussion Panel with Andre Herzog, Senior Urban Specialist at the World Bank Institute, Ricardo Pereira and Domingo Pires, from the Secretary of Housing of Sao Paulo, and Paola Siclari from the Chilean Ministry of Housing and Planning. Living in the Crossfire: Favela Residents, Drug Dealers, and Police Violence in Rio de Janeiro 6:30 pm 8:30 pm International Affairs Building, Lindsay Rogers Room (707) Center for Sustainable Urban Development, the Institute of Latin American Studies, the Latin American Students Association and the Economic and Political Development Concentration Book Launch with Maria Helena Moreira Alves, retired Professor from the University of the State of Rio de Janiero. The 36th Bampton Lectures in America: A Runaway Universe 6:30 pm 8:00 pm Davis Auditorium at Schapiro Hall Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration and Religion Lecture with Wendy Freedman, Director of the Carnegie Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Surprising observations have shown that not only is the universe expanding, but it is speeding up with time. The dark energy that is driving this acceleration dominates the overall density of mass and energy of the universe. Consistent with a prediction of Albert Einsteins, Einstein nonetheless rejected it. But he may have been right after all. Wednesday, April 13, 2011 Approaches to Professionalism in the Face of Mismanagement or Corruption in Developing Countries 12:30 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 409 Economic and Political Development Concentration Brown Bag Lecture with Jonathan Richmond. Refreshments will be provided. The Crisis in the Middle East: Uprising and Trends 6:00 pm 8:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1512 UN Studies Program Discussion with H.R.H. Prince Zeid Ra’ad Zeid Al-Hussein, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Permanent Mission of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to the United Nations; H.E.Mr. Abdullah M.Alsadi, Former Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Permanent Mission of the Republic of Yemen to the United Nations Senior Fellow at the International Peace Institute. Moderated by: Professor Elisabeth Lindenmayer, Director, UN Studies Program. Registration Required. Register Monuments, Urbanism, and Modernity in Post Colonial Mali 6:30 pm 8:00 pm Horace Mann Hall, Teachers College, Room 138, 525 West 120th Street New York, NY 10025 Institute for African Studies Lecture with Mary Jo Arnoldi, Curator of African Ethnology and Arts, Department of Anthropology at the Smithsonians National Museum of Natural History. Thursday, April 14, 2011 Carmen M. Reinhart: A Decade of Debt 12:30 pm 2:00 pm Shapiro Hall, Davis Auditorium, Room 412 Program in Economic Policy Management Lecture with Carmen M. Reinhart, chaired by Guillermo Calvo, Columbia Professor of International and Public Affairs and Director of PEPM. Free and open to the public. Registration is required. Register Data Quality Assurance in Developing Country Contexts 3:00 pm 4:00 pm Columbia University Teachers College Russell Hall, Room 305 The Monitoring and Evaluation Student Society Talk with Tsegahun Tessema, Director of JaRco Consulting. QMSS Seminar: Mass Media, Politics, and Evolution: The Psychophysiology of Negative News 6:30 pm 8:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 403 Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy Lecture with Stuart Soroka, Dept of Political Science, McGill University. The 36th Bampton Lectures in America: Giant Telescopes of the 21st Century 6:30 pm 8:00 pm Davis Auditorium at Schapiro Hall Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration and Religion Lecture with Wendy Freedman, Director of the Carnegie Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Telescopes are our window to the universe. Exciting new astronomical discoveries are enabled by new technology larger telescopes and more sensitive detectors. From the time that Galileo first turned his telescope to the sky over 400 hundred years ago to the present, we have continued to change our perception of the universe we live in. Dr. Freedman will describe this history, and ambitious giant telescopes now in the planning stages. Friday, April 15, 2011 Freedom and Constraints: Switzerland, Neutrality and the Middle East 12:00 pm 1:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 418 Center for International Conflict Resolution Conference with Ambassadors Jean-Daniel Ruch and Francois Barras, Switzerland. Register Côte d’Ivoire: The Test for Collective Security and Democratic Identity in West Africa 12:00 pm 2:00 pm Jerome Greene Hall, Room 701 Institute of African Studies Panel organized to expose the multifaceted aspects of the Ivorian crisis and to highlight the political, humanitarian, economic and democratic risks that could lead to a larger conflagration beyond the immediate Mano River Union Countries. Register UPCOMING EVENTS Monday, April 18, 2011 Fabricating Consumers: The Sewing Machine in Modern Japan 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 918 Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture with Andrew Gordon, Lee and Juliet Folger Fund Professor of History, Harvard University. Egypt’s Transition to Democracy: Political and Economic Challenges 3:00 pm 5:00 pm Jerome Greene Hall, Room 103 Committee on Global Thought Panel Discussion focusing on the critical political and economic challenges faced by Egypt in its transition to democratic governance. Register SAI Film Screening and Discussion 4:00 pm 5:30 pm Knox Hall, Room 208 South Asian Institute Film Screening and Discussion featuring Tanvir Ka Safarnama (2008), followed by a discussion with director Ranjan Kamath and Shayoni Mitra, Barnard College. Tuesday, April 19, 2011 From Vulnerability to Originality: How the Mechanical Typewriter Inspired New Typography in South Korea 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 918 Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture with Tae-Ho Kim, D. Kim Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow for the History of Science and Technology in East Asia, Center for Korean Research; Visiting Scholar, Weatherhead East Asian Institute. Recent Fatwas from the Ulema Council of Afghanistan: the Role of Islamic Jurisprudence in Afghanistan in the Post-9/11 Era 12:15 pm 1:45 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Harriman Institute Talk with Dr. Emily Jane ODell, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Columbia University. Brownbag with Kim Barker 12:30 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1302 International Media, Advocacy and Communications Specialization Brownbag with Kim Barker, author of The Taliban Shuffle: Strange Days in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pizza will be served. Popular Culture (Seminar on Modern Taiwan) 2:10 pm 4:00 pm Schermerhorn Hall, Room 963 Weatherhead East Asian Institute Lecture with Marc Moskowitz, Director of the USC Visual Anthropology Credential Program, University of South Carolina. IEPA: Towards Sustainable Development: An Interactive Forum on Rio +20 6:00 pm 9:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 The International Environmental Policy Association Interactive Forum with Brice Lalonde, former French Minister of the Environment and Executive Coordinator for the Rio+20 Conference. Register Development Policy in the Wake of the Global Crisis: The Challenge of Financial Inclusion 6:00 pm 8:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1512 Economic and Political Development Concentration Lecture with Roy Culpeper, former President of The North-South Institute. Wednesday, April 20, 2011 Cradling Ethnos: The Lullaby as Mode of Ethnicity Formation 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Harriman Institute Talk with Irina Karabulatova. The Golden Cage: A Conversation with Shirin Ebadi, Nobel Prize Winner 12:30 pm 2:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1501 School of International and Public Affairs, Middle East Institute Lecture with Shirin Ebadi, Nobel Peace Prize winner, lawyer, judge, and founder of the Center for the Defense of Human Rights in Iran, will deliver the latest Gabriel Silver Memorial Lecture at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs. Register Thursday, April 21, 2011 Humanitarianism at the Edge of Empires: Refugee Aid and Civil Society along the Croatian-Bosnian Border, 1875-1878 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Harriman Institute Talk with Jared Manasek, Department of History, Columbia University. Housing First for People Who Are Homeless and Using Substances 2:00 pm 3:30 pm Room 6602, All-Purpose Room Sixth Floor, Psychiatric Institute, Kolb Annex, 40 Haven Avenue (168th Street) or 1051 Riverside Drive Center for Homelessness Prevention Studies Lecture with Emily Raphael-Greenfield, Assistant Professor, Columbia University Programs in Occupational Therapy. SAI Barbara Stoler Miller Lecture: A Talk by Ayesha Jalal 4:00 pm 5:30 pm Knox Hall, Room 208 South Asian Institute Talk by Ayesha Jalal, Tufts University Negotiating the Line: Managing Challenges in a Multicultural World 4:00 pm 6:00 pm International Affairs Building, Room 411 Office of Career Services, Economic and Political Development Concentration, Gender Policy Working Group and Women in Leadership Interactive Workshop providing SIPA students with strategies and resources to deal with difficult situations they could encounter in summer internships or job placements after graduation. An expert facilitator will guide the discussion based on real situations that SIPA students have faced in the past. More Than Good Intentions: How a New Economics Is Helping to Solve Global Poverty 6:00 pm 7:30 pm Uris Hall, Room 301 School of International and Public Affairs Lecture with Yale professor of economics Dean Karlan and Columbia University alum Jacob Appel 06 CC who combine behavioral economics with worldwide field research in a new and ground-breaking approach to economic development one that is realistic in its claims yet optimistic on what we can accomplish through development assistance. QMSS Seminar 6:30 pm 8:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 403 Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy Seminar with Donald DeLuca. Friday, April 22, 2011 Columbia Water Center Seminar: Distributive Impacts of Dams and Governmental Responses at County-level in China 12:15 pm 1:15 pm Seeley W. Mudd Building, Room 924 Earth Institute Lecture with Xiaojia Bao, PhD Student in Sustainable Development, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University. Register Tuesday, April 26, 2011 Towards a New Architecture for Politico-Military Security in Europe: The Role of the OSCE 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Harriman Institute Talk by Petros Efthymiou, the President of the Parliamentary Assembly of Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), member of the Greek Parliament, and Former Minister of Education of the Hellenic Republic. Nothing’s Sacred: A Conversation with Lewis Black 5:00 pm 6:30 pm Rennert Hall at the Kraft Center for Jewish Life 606 West 115th Street Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration and Religion Conversation with comedian Lewis Black, a two-time Grammy Award-winner for his comedy albums The Carnegie Hall Performance (2006) and Stark Raving Black (2010). He regularly appears on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and was host of the Comedy Central series Lewis Black’s Root of All Evil. Wednesday, April 27, 2011 Power and Pressure: The Media in Africa 1:00 pm 7:00 pm Kellogg Center, International Affairs Building, 15th Floor Committee on Global Thought Half-Day Conference looking at the state of the media in Africa, as well as how the media is covering two of the most pressing issues currently facing the continent: the growing role of the extractive sector in the region’s economy and the elections taking place this year. Speakers include reporters from African newspapers, bloggers, representatives from NGOs â€" including Human Rights Watch, Internews and Revenue Watch Institute â€" and professors from Columbia University. Register Thursday, April 28, 2011 Workshop in Development Practice Final Presentations Thursday, April 28, 2011; 9:00 am 6:30 pm Friday, April 29, 2011; 9:00 am 6:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1512 Economic and Political Development Concentration Day One: Presentations for SIPA’s Workshop in Development Practice. Student teams have been working this year with clients in more than 20 countries on innovative projects involving food security, clean technologies, health and education, governance, humanitarian response, peacebuilding, gender mainstreaming, social entrepreneurship, corporate social responsibility and private sector development. Workshop teams will present their findings and recommendations at SIPA during this two-day event. Strategic Security and Political and Military Threats in the Black Sea Region 12:15 pm 1:45 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Harriman Institute Talk with General Constantin Degeratu, Former National Security and Defense Advisor to the President of Romania. The Climate Crisis as a Health Crisis: Disease, Disasters, and a Path to Resilience 6:00 pm 8:00 pm Faculty House, Skyline Level (4th Floor) Earth Institute Lecture with Dan Ferber, award-winning journalist and author. Register QMSS Seminar 6:30 pm 8:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 403 Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy Seminar with Chad Millman, ESPN. Friday, April 29, 2011 Workshop in Development Practice Final Presentations Thursday, April 28, 2011; 9:00 am 6:30 pm Friday, April 29, 2011; 9:00 am 6:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1512 Economic and Political Development Concentration Day Two: Presentations for SIPA’s Workshop in Development Practice. Student teams  have been working this year with clients in more than 20 countries on innovative projects involving food security, clean technologies, health and education, governance, humanitarian response, peacebuilding, gender mainstreaming, social entrepreneurship, corporate social responsibility and private sector development. Workshop teams will present their findings and recommendations at SIPA during this two-day event. Columbia Water Center/Earth and Environmental Engineering Seminar: Water â€" Generating More Reserves from Available Resources 3:00 pm 4:00 pm Seeley W. Mudd Building, Room 924 Earth Institute Lecture with Ray Farinato, Cytec Industries Inc. Register Wednesday, May 4, 2011 Fear, Memory, and Mobilization: Croatian Serbs the Serbian Democratic Party 12:00 pm 1:30 pm International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Harriman Institute Talk with John Schiemann, Associate Professor of Political Science, Director of Florham Laboratory for Experimental Social Science (FLESS), Chair of the Department of Social Sciences History, Fairleigh Dickinson University. Friday, May 6, 2011 The Art of Citizenship in African Cities 8:30 am 6:15 pm Avery Hall, Wood Auditorium Committee on Global Thought Conference bringing together some of the leading established scholars with promising new academic voices in the study of African urbanisms and presenting fresh, innovative research into emergent expressions of citizenship in diverse African cities across the continent. Register

The Current Practice Of Classroom Assessment - 1369 Words

According to Lee (2010) quantitative method to collect data concerning the practices of 51 Korean teacher to assess student’s skills. The questionnaire provides details about the current practice of classroom assessment. It was noticed that in Korean middle schools performance based tasks were mainly focused, classroom speaking assessment was mostly conducted in the form of testing using speaking performance tasks to evaluate the topic or follow the education policy of Korea. Assessment practices involve high order thinking and active participation. It includes performance tasks such as oral presentations, investigations, projects, interviews, picture cued story description, text retelling and other oral prompts. Similarly Rychtarik (2014) also used quantitative method and conducted the research by means of questionnaire that describes 60 EFL Korean teacher’s assessment practices of speaking performances. The results revealed that most teachers preferred to assess hol istically. The frequently used speaking tasks by teachers are: interview, picture description and oral presentation. All three tasks have certain similarities that according to Lee (2004) they are close to everyday life situations; enable the students to use as much L2 as possible. On the other hand, Sook (2003) research in Korean schools shows that teachers opt for such speaking assessment tasks that gave less psychological burden to students, were less time consuming and did not demand the teacher to takeShow MoreRelatedThe Current Practice Of Classroom Assessment1479 Words   |  6 Pagesspeaking† Assessment is generally defined as â€Å"a process of monitoring or keeping track of the learner’s progress† (Rea-Dickins, 2000, p.376). For good assessment, teacher has to be assessment literate means that they should have knowledge about the assessment strategies, techniques and concepts (Rogier, 2014). According to Lee (2010) quantitative method to collect data concerning the practices of 51 Korean teacher to assess student’s skills. The questionnaire provides details about the current practiceRead MoreChoosing A English / Language Arts Preparation Programs995 Words   |  4 Pagesteachers for classroom instruction in reading. Educator preparation program course textbooks present an overarching instructional content that includes topics such as academic vocabulary, promoting comprehension, selection of texts, reading across curriculum, differentiating instruction, and integrating literacy theory into practice (Tompkins, Gail E., 2010; Bucher Hinton, 2014; Handsfield, 2016). However, there is literature and research on the current English/language arts classroom needs and studiesRead MoreEssay on Multiple Means of Student Assessment878 Words   |  4 Pagescurricula guide, the instructional plan, and the variety of assessment measures. Why are multiple measures needed to address the full depth and breadth of the expectations for student learning? The current tool used to determine individual student ability, and the effectiveness of schools and school districts, consists of a singular measurement assessment process. Though relatively easy to administer and evaluate, this singular assessment in my opinion does not provide an accurate representationRead MoreAssessment Of The Kindergarten Classroom : An Empirical Study Of Teachers Assessment Approaches1593 Words   |  7 Pages Assessment in the Kindergarten Classroom For many years, educators have been challenged in their efforts to assess kindergarten children using a variety of strategies. Tests and other types of assessments designed for kindergarten children are not the same as those intended for children in later grades in elementary school. Today, kindergarten teachers face the challenge of balancing traditional developmental programming with the academically oriented curriculum that is currently required. TheRead MoreIndonesia Educational Landscape : Education931 Words   |  4 PagesPraptiningrum (2010) explained that one of the problems that occurred is the classroom environment does not yet cater the inclusive philosophy, for example in the assessment development. In her book, Liasidou (2015) argued that inclusive classroom practice considered as an essential element for educational improvement and inclusive education development. In that particular classroom, learning can be facilitated through an assessment that emphasized on the pro cess of learning and the way in which that processRead MoreNew Styles of Instruction Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pages1. What new forms of instruction are emerging in K-12 classrooms? A current trend in education appears to be the integration of technology for instructional purposes. One such technological advancement is the inclusion of the iPod Touch in the classroom. This technology hosts a vast array of applications in diverse subject areas that can be used across grade levels. There are many ways in which the iPod Touch can be integrated to customize the learning experience for all (Banister, 2010). LaptopRead MoreLearning In The 21st Century Classroom1206 Words   |  5 PagesKnowledge This course has allowed me many opportunities to grow as an educator. The MAED Program did an excellent job with providing opportunities to explore and implement knew learnings needed in the 21st Century classroom. Assignments touched base on differentiation, instructional design, assessments; Action research and technology enriched learning environments to name a few. The final course Capstone focused one redesigning previous lesson plans, projects to address the 21st Century skills and demonstrateRead MoreElements Of Formative Assessment987 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is formative assessment? Formative assessment seems to stand in contradiction to traditional modes of summative assessment in schools. Michael Scriven first introduced the term ‘formative evaluation’ in 1967, but Benjamin Bloom elaborated upon its distinction from summative assessment: ‘Quite in contrast is the use of formative evaluation to provide feedback and correctives at each stage in the teaching-learning process. By formative evaluation we mean evaluation by brief tests used byRead MoreAssessment Tools For A Schools Success With Its Literacy Program1371 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment tools take on many forms within the school as well as individual classrooms. Assessments must be administered informal as well as formal in order to determine student needs, differentiate instruction, personalize learning and gauge the effectiveness of instruction. They can vary from a simple teacher observation to a standardized test that is given on a yearly basis (Vacca Vacca, 2008). â€Å"Assessment goes hand in hand with teaching. It is an ongoing process that informs and guides instruction†Read MoreEvaluation System For Student Growth And Learning845 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the National Education Association the teacher assessment and evaluatio n is used to strengthen the knowledge, skills dispositions, and classroom, practices of professional education. The aim of the evaluation to promote student growth and learning. Comprehensive systems that support teacher evaluation will foster professionally and instructionally. I will give an overview evaluation systems failures supported national education association and my personal experiences in the professional

International Economic Exchange And Foreign Investment

Introduction Whether a country will face a trade-off between the accumulation of wealth and consolidation of power depends on the type of international economic exchange the country is involved in as well as the nature of the state. In this essay, I consider trade, currency exchange and foreign investment as the primary economic exchanges that countries are involved in, as well as the different natures of states such as developing economies and industrialized nations. I argue that countries involved in international economic exchange will have to compromise between the accumulation of wealth and the consolidation of power in the short-term to maximize both in the long term. I also put forward that the primary objectives of states would be to advance both wealth and power at the same time, with harmonious objectives. However, because national interests drive international policies, one will eventually be prioritized over the other. By looking at trade, currency exchange, and foreign investment I a ssume that global powers will always favor agreements that benefit their national interests, or maintain their current position as economic and political powers in the international arena. International Trade, Wealth and Power It is difficult to measure change in a state’s relative power but it is often indicated by its economy’s size, its influence on other states’ economies, the range of their military power and the degree of political influence in the international system. WeShow MoreRelatedThe Great Challenges For Low Income And Least Developed States Within The International Community1232 Words   |  5 PagesSocial, political and economic development have been and continue to be some of the greatest challenges for low income and least-developed states within the international community. â€Å"Development† can be explained in a variety of ways, including economic growth and purchasing power parity, but one of the best ways to illustrate development is described by Amartya Sen as the capability or opportunity to develop. Sen explains that poverty is capability deprivation, and therefore not a lack of incomeRead MoreUnit Test: International Trade in the Modern World976 Words   |  4 Pages100 100 BBB4M1 – Unit 2 Test International Trade in the Modern World Part A: True and False (15 Marks) / 15 Answer the following questions with true (T) or false (F). Correct the false statements T T 1.___ T T Positive effects of globalization include: improved human rights, increased productivity, and innovation. 2.___ F F Trade agreements are beneficial because they eliminate trade barriers and encourage foreign investment. 3.___ The North American FreeRead MoreMultinational Corporations : The Current Process Of Globalization1658 Words   |  7 Pagescapital flows attributable to foreign direct investment of such multinationals. Further, the multinational corporations have played an integral role in linking financial and product markets globally through transfers of technology, physical capital as well as management techniques. However, in order to venture into foreign markets, corporations have to use well-thought strategies to avoid failure. Some of the strategies used include, operating production facilities in a foreign market to cater for thatRead MoreMergers And Acquisitions Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Mergers and acquisitions immediately impact organizations with changes in ownership, in ideology, and eventually, in practice. There are multiple reasons, motives, economic forces and institutional factors that can, taken together or in isolation, influence corporate decisions to engage in mergers or acquisitions. The financial risks of merging with or acquiring an organization in another country and how those risks can be mitigated are important issues for corporations to conductRead MorePolitical Environment in International Marketing Essay example1401 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical Environment in International Marketing THE POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT: The critical concern Political environment has a very important impact on every business operation no matter what its size, its area of operation. Whether the company is domestic, national, international, large or small political factors of the country it is located in will have an impact on it. And the most crucial unavoidable realities of international business are that both host and home governments are integralRead MoreInternational Finance1741 Words   |  7 Pagescountries. 2. Under the gold standard of currency exchange that existed from 1879 to 1914, an ounce of gold cost $20.67 in U.S. dollars and  £4.2474 in British pounds. Therefore, the exchange rate of pounds per dollar under this fixed exchange regime was A)  £4.8665/$. B)  £0.2055/$. C) always changing because the price of gold was always changing. D) unknown because there is not enough information to answer this question 3. The post WWII international monetary agreement that was developed in 1944Read MoreMergers and Acquisitions1191 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Mergers and acquisitions immediately impact organizations with changes in ownership, in ideology, and eventually, in practice. There are multiple reasons, motives, economic forces and institutional factors that can, taken together or in isolation, influence corporate decisions to engage in mergers or acquisitions. The financial risks of merging with or acquiring an organization in another country and how those risks can be mitigated are important issues for corporations to conductRead MoreFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On Economy1413 Words   |  6 Pageseconomy of Asia, even the world economy. Financial crisis which is the value of financial assets decline, lots of financial institution out of business or stock market crash. Currency plays an important role in the market. It is a base that keep economic stability in the country. When currency change significantly, the country’s economy in turmoil. The financial crisis started from Thailand, and then Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries, domestic currency depreciateRead MoreAn Analysis Of An International Portfolio Investment For Board Of Directors1730 Words   |  7 Pages3003IBA, Project – 2014: An analysis of an international portfolio investment for board of directors. Jesus David Castano Cuadro Student ID: S2916020 Word Count: 1526 Griffith Business School Nathan Campus. October 2014 Table of contents 1. Predicting the expected spot exchange rate 1 1.1 Australian Dollar 1 1.2 Chinese Renminbi 2 2. Australia VS. China 4 2.1 Financial sector 4 2.2 Consistent economic growth 5 2.3 A politically stable governmentRead MoreBusiness and Economic Strategies in Taiwan Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness and Economic Strategies in Taiwan, from 1970s to Present Taiwan has grown over the last half century from a poverty stricken nation to an economically-stable country and this has seriously caught the attention of some developed western countries. The country has had one of the largest populations lavishing in poverty over the years but through hard work from its people as well as the government’s commitment, its economy boasts as one of the fastest growing not only in Asia, but also globally

Whats Truly Going on with College Essay for Admission Samples

What's Truly Going on with College Essay for Admission Samples Definitions of College Essay for Admission Samples One of the most difficult features of college life is finances. Unfortunately owing to a wide number of students and mandated testing, my school district has not been able to supply the amount of intellectual variety I crave. The fact, nevertheless, is that high grades in most of them don't arrive so easily. Explain why you would like to attend that specific institution. If you don't, it's possible to actually hurt your odds of admission. It would be far better if it was solved. Discuss what you could offer. At the base of the abstract a few keywords should be offered, so that in the event the work is entered into a database, it can readily be located. If you're going to contain details that may directly hit the requirements of the school, then you can readily get the approvalA that you must be accepted for enrollment. The True Meaning of College Essay for Admission Samples If you genuinely desire to acquire admission in a specific college, the College Scholarship Essay Examples can help you in your essay that will demonstrate your desire to follow a college education. An admission essay is a type of essay that includes student's individual statements and her or his vision of a specific college. Writing a college admission essay can be very tough. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting sections of applying to college. Possessing a very clear and structured plan is the foundation for any excellent bit of writing, and a college essay is not any different. The duration of your essay is not what universities start looking for. A brief sentence is utilised to produce the emotional resolution of the admission essay. Regardless of what college you want to enroll at, you should compose an admission essay. Apart from having an exceptional SAT score, you would have to develop the ideal college essay. If you're going to write college admission essay by yourself then don't overlook the appropriate structure of the paper. Your college essay should contain information that relate to the instruction provided to you. Thus, the essay is supposed to coincide with the applicant's qualities and interests in order for it to boost the possibilities of admission. If you are in need of a well-crafted essay, then you can depend on us to deliver. Writing your essay will be a lot simpler if you find out the entirety of it first and just then return and work out precisely the way that it should start. Before you commence writing your college essay, you might want to see the essay examplesA that we've listed for you, so that you may have more idea on what things to put in the college essay which you will create. It is not only about the topic a student chooses to write on, but instead, how they write about doing it. The student understood why he wished to visit this college. Upcoming college students might also be requested to compose a college essay for a component of their first requirements. Application writing isn't the close of the world and you'll be able to prepare for it. The bulk of the essay utilizes standard English and English grammar. To attain this, the Sample Essays can provide the much-needed guidelines. At St. John's intellectual curiosity isn't only encouraged, it's a requirement. Lastly, the detail of real speech makes the scene pop. After you own a topic, it's best to make an outline of ideas. Therefore many remarkable details here.

How Might Pricing Decisions Be Influenced by Knowledge of the Product Life Cycle free essay sample

How might pricing decisions be influenced by knowledge of the Product Life Cycle? Product Life Cycle (PLC) shows the stages of a new product going through in the market place. In general, a product goes through introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The application of the four stages of PLC can assist firms to plan marketing mix decisions. Hence, price setting of a particular product can be influenced by its PLC over the four stages. For mass market with high competition and a new brand of known product, price penetration will be practised at the introduction stage where sales are often low. It is a pricing strategy that price is set relatively low at the launch of a new product. This is because common products have many substitutes and consumers are sensitive to price change. Thus, low price can discourage competition with the substitutes so that firms can capture large market share quickly and penetrate deeply into the market. We will write a custom essay sample on How Might Pricing Decisions Be Influenced by Knowledge of the Product Life Cycle? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is effective in creating market awareness among similar products. However, price skimming is practised for niche market with low competition and innovative products at the introduction stage. It is a pricing strategy that price is set at high at the launch of a new unique product. It is to cover expensive RD costs by making relatively high short-term profits and reflect high quality image. Besides, high profit margin is necessary to compensate low demand. Consumers are not very sensitive to price change and there is less competition in the short term. Thus, the price for an unproved new innovative product is set at high at the introduction stage for as long as it can hold its strong position. At growth stage where sales are growing rapidly, the previous pricing strategies applied at the introduction stage will still be practised to strengthen the respective objectives. Hence, price penetration will still be practised for common product. Price will continue to be set at low to further expand market share as now product is accepted and well received by the market. For innovative product, market skimming will be practised. Price will continue to be set at high as a signal of high quality. Firms will attempt to build up consumer loyalty before the entry of competitors. When it comes to maturity stage where maximum sales are achieved, competitors are likely to be entering the market. There will be a need for firms to keep prices at competitive levels. Firms have to consider either match or beat competitors’ prices. For known product which price penetration was previously used, the price now will gradually increase to meet competitors’ prices as consumer loyalty is built and it is recognised by the market. For innovative product which price skimming was previously used, the price now will gradually reduce as competition starts to set in. Consumers are becoming sensitive to the price change now and a lower price may discourage competition with the substitutes. Firms will aim to retain the market share by capturing sales from weaker rivals. However, there is a risk that a reduction in price might create a perception that the quality is sacrificed. In this case, sales and profits may be adversely affected. Besides, price discrimination can likewise be practised by firms during maturity stage if the market can be segmented. In this case, a product will be sold at different prices to different market segments. If this occurs, firms will consider the price elasticity of demand for price setting at different market segments to increase total revenue. Thus, products which are price elastic should be charged at lower prices. In contrast, products which are price inelastic should be charged relatively higher. At decline stage where sales are dropping steadily, firms will choose to cut prices. Profit is falling and product at this stage becomes obsolete and in some cases, it may cause harm to a firm’s reputation. Firms will seek to cut expenses to exploit the remaining profits and gain last batch of sales or clear stock to eliminate the product. Although pricing decisions made based on the PLC of the products may not always bring business a success, there are likely to be common links between the phases of the PLC and the nature of the price, product, promotion and place decisions taken by the firm. Somehow, PLC is only a model and the managers should not follow exactly the standard life cycle for every product. Therefore, the pricing decisions will also depend on competitors’ actions, the state of the economy and the marketing objectives of the business.

Gettysburg Address Essays - Secretaries, , Term Papers

Gettysburg Address Of the five known manuscript copies of the Gettysburg Address, the Library of Congress has two. President Lincoln gave one of these to each of his two private secretaries, John Nicolay and John Hay. The copy on exhibit, which belonged to Nicolay, is often called the first draft because it is believed to be the earliest copy that exists. Considerable scholarly debate continues about whether the Nicolay copy is the reading copy. In 1894 Nicolay wrote that Lincoln had brought with him the first part of the speech, written in ink on Executive Mansion stationery, and that he had written the second page in pencil on lined paper before the dedication on November 19, 1863. Matching folds are still evident on the two pages shown here, suggesting it could be the copy that eyewitnesses say Lincoln took from his coat pocket and read at the ceremony. However, one of the arguments supporting the contrary theory that the delivery text has been lost is that some of the words and phrases of the Nicolay copy do not match contemporaneous accounts. The words under God, for example, are missing from the phrase that this nation [under God] shall have a new birth of freedom.... In order for the Nicolay draft to have been the reading copy, Lincoln uncharacteristically would have had to depart from his written text in several instances. This copy of the Gettysburg Address remained in John Nicolay's possession until his death in 1901, when it passed to his friend and colleague John Hay. Mythology Essays

Role of Each Mode of Transport

Role of Each Mode of Transport According to Anderson (1999), transport is the movement of people, goods, and services from one location to another. Effective transport systems play a critical role in achieving the economic and social needs of a given society. Air, land, and water are the most common modes of transportation in the United States of America and many other nations in the world. Air transport is usually facilitated by aircrafts. Land transport on the other hand is facilitated by rail and road.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Each Mode of Transport specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Water transport occurs on seas, lakes, rivers/canals and so on. Transport in general plays a significant role in developing and sustaining economic, demographic, and political factors of a given community and the world at large (Frankel, 2011). Effective modes of transport facilitate the expansion of town and cities by enhancing the movement of people as well as goods and services. Transport mechanisms also assist in the spread of individuals resulting in growth and development. In the United States of America, roads are the most common modes of transportation accounting for approximately 68% of the national demographics (Frankel, 2011). Interstate highway systems have been built to facilitate the movement of people within a given locality or from one state to another. In most parts of the country, people own personal vehicles. However, in urban centers where there is massive traffic congestion, transport is facilitated by mass transit and railways transport. Unlike in the 1940s, railway transport system in the USA mainly consists of freight train shipment (Frankel, 2011). The use of passage trains has greatly reduced as a result of changes in economic needs as well as the introduction o faster and more reliable transportation systems such as bus shuttles, personal vehicles and airplanes. However, railway transport in USA account s for 32% of the national demographics (Frankel, 2011). As of 2004, the USA has been ranked 17th in the world as the nation with the busiest airports. Over the years, there has been a significant increase in air transport in USA especially between states. Water transport in the United States is regarded as the cheapest mode of transport. However, due to lack of efficient water ways, it is the least common mode of transport. Development of Transport Modes In the USA, rail transport developed as a result of the presence of a wide spread railroad network that covered most parts of the USA. Transforming from early passenger cars that were common during the 19th century to high speed commuter trains, the efficiency of rail transport highly increased due to technological advancements (Garrison Levinson, 2006). However, since the 1940s, this trend was interrupted with the introduction of more efficient modes of transports such as roads and air.Advertising Looking for essay on tran sportation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Companies such as General Motors increased their outputs rates producing more cars that were faster, safer, and more comfortable. Consequently, the completion of the Eisenhower Interstate Highway System in 1950 greatly improved road transport in USA. This system sustains both local and long distance. Covering over 47,000 miles, this system is regarded as the largest and most efficient road system in the world. Air travel also experienced significant changes from the simple planes that were built prior to the Second World War to bigger, faster, and more efficient planes whose production commenced during the second half of the 20th century. Companies such as Boeing came up with new models of aircrafts that could carry more passengers and travel longer distances improving air travel. However, the use of water transport has greatly decreased due to its in efficiencies over the years. H istory of Transportation Systems Between 1820 and 1850, USA watched closely the success of railways transport in England. To develop such an infrastructure, several states granted charters to railway building companies, most of which Army Corps Engineers to design their routes and systems. The Baltimore Ohio railroad was among the railroads that were completed during this time. The second half of the 19th century saw massive advancements and improvements in the railways sector. The transcontinental railroad that linked eastern USA with California was completed during this time enhancing trade and the movement of people (Baker Gerhold, 1993). On the other hand, the construction of modern roads commenced during the Renaissance Period (Baker Gerhold, 1993). After the success of the Wright brothers in 1903 to successfully fly a device that is heavier than air, the use of aircrafts became common especially during the first and Second World War (Jones, 2011). Consequently, aircrafts sta rted to transport cargo as well as passengers to different parts of the world. Water transport was the most common mode of long distance travel during before the introduction of air travel. Despite the setbacks that it has been experiencing, a lot of cargo is still transported in ships all around the world. Consequently, technological advancement such as the radar system has increased the efficiency and reliability of water transports. However, like rail transport, the number of passengers using water transport in the USA and many parts of the world has declined. The Role of the Government, Politics and the Economy in the Development of Transport In the USA, it is the role of State governments to maintain all highways within their jurisdictions. However, the federal government plays a critical role in building and maintaining freeways.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Each Mode of Transport specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Lear n More In the States that are located in the East Coast and the Midwest, all highways are under the management of the government or private corporations (Garrison Levinson, 2006). Therefore, users are expected to pay toll tax while using these roads. However, the situation is quite different in the States that are located in the West Coast as the roads are free to be used by any individual (freeways). In the USA, all roads have been constructed to enhance the nation’s economic development. Therefore, regions that have a high population density coupled with high levels of economic activities usually have better and more complex roads as compared to regions that are sparsely populated with low levels of economic activities (Garrison Levinson, 2006). It is as a result of this fact that states such as New York, California, and Texas have complex road networks. On the other hand, the running and management of railways systems and water ferries might be under public or pr ivate corporations. However, their development highly relies on their effectiveness and efficiency as well as the economic impacts that they have. Consequently, airlines are owned by civilians or by public corporations. However, most airports are owned and managed by local authorities with the exception of privately owned airports. A lot of legislations have been passed to ensure that transportation in the United States is safe and well maintained. To achieve this, the Congress established the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) in 1966 (DOT, 2012). With the help of agencies such as Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railway Administration and Maritime Administration, the DOT passes legislations, manages, and monitors all modes of transportation within the United States of America to ensure that the social, political, and economic needs of the nation are met. The Impacts of Technology on Transport Technology has played an essential role in increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of transportation systems in the world. The wheel is perhaps the most significant innovation in road transport. At the same time, the development of the sail played a critical role in enhancing naval transportation systems. However, at the present moment, technology affects transportation in a variety of facets. In the modern age, innovation comes from a variety of technologies to achieve a specific goal or a given set of goals. Therefore as Uyterlinde (n.d.) asserts, it is difficult to directly point out the impacts that a given form of technology has on the transport industry. During the early days, the main setback that was experienced in the transport sector was efficiency. Transportation was slow, uncomfortable, and required a lot of energy consumption hence making it to be expensive.Advertising Looking for essay on transportation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the 1940s and 1950s for instance, air travel was not popular since aircrafts could not travel fast and for long, flights were uncomfortable since the cabins were unpressurised and they aircrafts were powered by propellers making the ride noisy (Uyterlinde, n.d.). However, modern and more powerful aircraft were introduced by Boeing. In 1959, Boeing 707 was released. This plane was jet-powered, much faster, more comfortable and could carry more passengers. This innovation enhanced international air travel. With increased speeds, safety is another challenge that the transport industry has been facing. Every year, hundreds of thousands of accidents on the road, air, and at sea are reported. In the process, many people lose their lives and many more are injured. To tackle this issue, car manufacturing companies have come up with innovations that improve the safety of passengers by having reliable braking systems, safety belts, and strong chassis that protect an individual in case of an accident (Smith, 2005). With the help of radar technology, safety in aircrafts and sea vessels has been enhanced as well. Radar technology enables one to determine the exact location of an aircraft or a vessel and whether it is on course. Radio technology has also enhanced communication between radio stations and vessels. This technology is critical especially during emergencies. However, with the modern technology, speed, safety, comfort, and technology have been catered for effectively. Through the research and development (RD), car, plane, and ship manufacturing companies have been able to meet the needs of their target market as well as the needs of the society at large by coming up with creative and innovative designs that provide their users with comfort, speed, and reliability. For instance, manufactures have come up with engine designs that not only reduce fuel consumption but increase the overall power output. At the same time, most designs of motor vehicles, planes, boats, and ships are environment friendly. Therefore, the RD teams take into consideration the needs and trends of the public and come with designs that are effective, efficient and sustainable (Jones, 2011). Development of National and International Rules and Regulations In the United States of America, the United States Department of Transport (DOT) is the body that has the mandate to make rules and regulations that regulate transportation within the nation (DOT, 2012). Before the DOT makes any regulations, rules, or procedures that govern transportation in the United States, several considerations are put in place. First, the proposed or amended legislation needs to be consistent with the status and executive orders that give the DOT the power to make and amend transportation rules. Other factors that need to be considered include presidential directives and other related orders (DOT, 2012). Once these standards have been met, the body can commence the process of rule making. Acc ording to the DOT, rule making can result in the introduction of new rules and regulations, amendment of existing ones, or the re-introduction of old rules (DOT, 2012). The DOT can introduce rules and regulations from directives of a statute. Consequently, when the DOT or other bodies operating under its umbrella identify a problem, then it is the duty of the organization to come up with effective rules and regulations that would prevent its further occurrence. Ultimately, the public can file a petition to the DOT to develop laws and regulations that will meet their collective needs and demands. With the presence of these requirements and standards, the policies, rules and regulations that are developed by the DOT are therefore sustainable, effective and efficient since they are consistent with the constitution of the United States, the mandate of the organization as well as the transportation needs of the people of the United States. To a larger extent, the DOT in conjunction with transport agencies of other nations come together to make universal laws to govern international transportation. According to UNCTD (2001), this is an essential move as it guarantees consistencies in transportation across borders. This rule ensures that individuals and corporations in the transport industry enjoy their privileges and respect the law whether they are in the United States or outside its borders. Other than guaranteeing consistency in law, the policies, rules, and regulations that govern the transport sector ensure that safety is maintained, the rights of every party within the transport industry are respected, and people adhere to the rules and regulations that have been set by the law. Transportation Organizations The United States Department of Transport plays a critical role in developing policies, rules, and guidelines that govern transportation within the United States. However, for these laws to be implemented effectively and efficiently, organizations within th e transport industry need to operate as a system with clearly defined rules and boundaries. This will ensure that the process of moving people and goods from one location to another is efficient (Garrison Levinson, 2006). In the United States, there are various transport organizations. Therefore, with the presence of organizations, the process of developing, implanting and monitoring transportation rules and regulations is hierarchical. After following the required rules and procedures, the DOT comes up with rules and regulations that will govern the transport industry. The application of these rules and regulations falls under the jurisdiction of respective bodies such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Federal Highway Administration (FHA), Federal Railway Administration (FRA) and Maritime Administration (MARAD). These bodies ensure that the rules and regulations that have been passed by the DOT are followed by organizations that offer transportation services under thei r jurisdiction. Therefore, these bodies team up with individuals and corporations that own and control transport services such as airlines, taxi companies, ferrying companies and so on to ensure that they are aware and follow the rules from the DOT. At the same time, these bodies get feedback from these organizations and individuals as well as their views, attitudes, and perceptions of various factors that affect transportation within the United States. With this information, The DOT will analyze its performance and determine whether to come up with new rules, amend existing ones or re-introduce old rules. Thus, the presence of organizations and systems ensure that the transport industry operates in a consistent, effective and efficient manner hence enabling it to achieve its social and economic goals. Political, Legal, and Policy Issues that affect Transport Legislation As it has been stated severally in this paper, the DOT has been given the mandate to come up with regulations, ru les and policies that govern transportation within the United States of America. Consequently, the Science, Commerce, and Transportation committee as well as the Environment and Public Works committee are the main committees within the congress that are involved with regulating and monitoring transport activities within the USA (Garrison Levinson, 2006). Therefore, before the DOT or any other agency within or outside the government comes up with a directive, rule or regulation that should be implemented, all the involved bodies and agencies need to be involved in the entire process. Most importantly, for the proposed laws and policies to be applicable within the United States, they need to conform to the requirements of the constitution. Within the United States, any law that contradicts with the constitution is regarded as null and void. With these systems in place, it is the duty of the DOT to ensure that the proposed policies, rules, and regulations work to enhance the transport ation system of the United States. Therefore, these policies need to consider the views of the people whom they are to govern. These rules also need to be practical, reasonable, and sustainable. Most importantly, the rules and regulations that govern the transport industry need to be consistent with the local, state, as well as international, rules and regulations since all modes of transport pass through different jurisdictions. Intermodal Transportation Intermodal transportation involves the use of more than one mode of transport to reach a given destination (UNCTD, 2001). This practice has been common within the society. For instance, before taking a flight, it is common for many individuals to use an alternative means of transport to come to the airport and also to leave the airport. The main aim of transport systems is to increase the ease and efficiency of moving. With this in mind, the USA came up with the Intermodal Surface Transport Act that was enacted in 1991 to ensure th at individuals enjoy the benefits of a given mode of transport at the expense of the other (Garrison Levinson, 2006). For instance, it is advisable to use rail transport in huge cities within the United States since it is faster, it can accommodate a lot of people and it eases traffic congestion. From the rail stations, people can walk, drive or take a taxi to their destinations. Therefore, given the strengths and weaknesses of different modes of transport, the intermodal transportation concepts ensures that given specific circumstances the advantages of a given mode of transport are utilized to overcome the weaknesses of another. In the process, a self-sustaining concept of transport that is effective and efficient is realized. References Anderson, J. (1999). A Review of the State of the Art of Personal Rapid Transit. Journal  of Advanced Transportation, 34(1), 3–29. Barker, T. Gerhold, D. (1993). The Rise and Rise of Road Transport, 1700–1990.  New York: Cambri dge University Press. DOT. (2012). Rule Making Process. Retrieved from dot.gov/regulations/rulemaking-process Frankel, J. (2011). Assessing Euro Zone Transport Systems. Economic Policy, Vol. 4 No. 15, pp. 576-627. Garrison, W. L. Levinson, D. M. (2006). The transportation experience: Policy,  planning, and deployment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Jones, E. (2011). The Impacts of Changing Technology on Transport. Retrieved from skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-14_u-189_t-505_c-1865/nsw/history/australia-s-social-and-cultural-history-in-the-post-war-period/the-impact-of-changing-technology-on-everyday-life/transport-1950s-1960s Smith, A. (2005). Exploring radio frequency identification technology and its impact on business systems. Infomation Management and Computer Security, 2(1), 16-28 Trani, A. (2005). History of Air Transport. Retrieved from http://128.173.204.63/courses/cee5614/cee5614_pub/airtran_history.pdf UNCTD. (2001). Implementation of Multimodal Transport Rules. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/Docs/posdtetlbd2.en.pdf Uyterlinde, M. (n.d.). Sustainable Innovations in Road Transport: Assessing the Impact  of New Technology on Energy Use and Emissions. Retrieved from ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2008/m08080.pdf

Marriage and Women's Citizenship in the United States Essay

Marriage and Women's Citizenship in the United States - Essay Example This paper will discuss whether the United States was a land of opportunity in the 1960s. In order to understand the trends of naturalization that allowed people to form an attachment with the United States as a political entity and other American during the 1960s, it is rational to review the trends in the previous decades (Cott 1443). Prior to 1850, the United States allowed the people of the ‘white’ descent to enter and settle in the United States of America as citizens. The absorption of whites and the conferment of civil, citizenship and political rights occurred without any barriers. Evidently, whites had the advantage of exploiting the opportunities in the United States without any barriers. On the contrary, the people of color faced the compulsion to work as slaves and labors. Prior to the 1850s, the United States lacked any stipulations that defined concisely the requirements of becoming a citizen. However, 1855 saw the enactment of the initial law that defined the qualifications that an individual had to meet before successful naturalization (1450). This law still allowed whites the unlimited permission to become citizens of the United States as long as they were willing to express allegiance to the state and assume the responsibility of full citizens. Moreover, this law highlighted that white women marred by American citizens were allowed to become citizens. However, women of color that intended to get married or were already married to American whites did not qualify for the naturalization process. Moreover, if American males bore children, these children qualified for citizenship. The 1855 law emphasized the factor of racial qualification because it forbade both women of color to become naturalized as American citizens. Even in cases where litigations resulted, many United States courts applied the 1855 stipulation with the racial qualification clause as the central exclusion factor (1465). The 1855 limited people of color from accessi ng the opportunities in the United States. In 1840, some minority groups had gained entry into the United States and had access to the opportunities at that time. Since the law viewed women as dependents, those married by Americancitizens lacked the privilege of owning property. Moreover, the man served as a critical intermediary that linked the women to the state. In this case, women married to American males had to be content with the husband’s opinion, since the man passed for the family head with a dominant role as defined by the law (1467). Evidently, the surging number of people who sought the naturalization process places emphasis that the United States was a territory with multiple opportunities. The enactment of the laws sought to regulate the number of people who accessed such opportunities. The 1860s saw the immigration department governed by the 1855 act. This act defined the requirements of people that wanted to become citizens to meet. During this period, farmin g was a leading agricultural activity after the exploitation of the California gold rush that had happened two decades prior to the 1960s (1470). However, the 1860s saw reinforcement of the 1855 act that emphasized on the exclusion of certain people who sought to access these opportunities. Chinese women were adversely

Critically Assess the Development Potential of the 'Green Economy' For Essay

Critically Assess the Development Potential of the 'Green Economy' For Localities and Regions - Essay Example A green economy can be defined as an economic model that improves the welfare of human beings while at the same time reducing any negative impacts on the environment. A green economy is consistent with sustainable development. In the past, countries have focused on economic growth and development as a way of eliminating poverty and raise the level of income for their citizens. Some of the strategies of economic development have resulted in environmental degradation and some of the negative effects on the environment are irreversible. The main objective of traditional economic models is increasing the level of gross domestic product. Many governments are now appreciating the fact that their economies have exceeded acceptable limits in terms of emission of greenhouse gases and exploitations of natural resources. Global recessions and financial crisis have caused many governments in both developed and developing countries to shift their focus to sustainable development (Ocampo 2010, p. 2; UNEP 2011). Sustainable development is a major concern in advanced economies. This is because these economies are responsible for the highest proportion of greenhouse gas emissions (Parker 2011). A green economy provides a channel through which many people can improve their standards of living while the planet becomes healthier. Local and regional development is a concern for many governments across the world. However, local and regional development is now more challenging, competitive, globalised and knowledge intensive. There is a shift in focus by many governments concerning local and regional development. Governments are now more concerned how sustainable their current level of development is as opposed to the magnitude of development. Concerns have been raised regarding the impact of economic development in nations on the environment following the increasing trend in global warming and sudden climatic changes (Christopherson 2011, p. 4). The long term prospects of sustainable local and regi onal development are uncertain. There are many contentions on whether a green economy is achievable or not. Those who support a green economy argue that it would result to social justice to individuals who have not benefited from globalization. The lives of such individuals will be improved if the planet is healthier. Supporters of a green economy are not concerned about how new jobs are distributed across regions but instead, they are concerned about saving the global climate. Critics of a green economy argue that it is unrealistic and unachievable with current economic structures and institutions (Pike & Tomaney 2010, p. 3). This paper critically analyses the development potential of a green economy in localities and regions. The Potential to Develop a Green Economy for Localities and Regions Gibbs (2002, p. 93) explores some of the guiding principles that would help localities and regions to shift towards sustainability. A sustainable society values unpaid work and gives its memb ers access to work without causing harm to the local, national and global environment. A sustainable society also considers the environment in its provision of goods and services as well as other facilities such as sanitation and health care. Developing a green economy involves balancing between economic development and the environment. To achieve this balance, localities and regions must focus on conserving natural resources and control the flow of commodities. The local and regional governments should invest sufficient resources in improving the state of the environment (Gibbs 2002, p. 93) Gibbs (2002, p. 94) indicates that for regions and localities to develop green economies, they should apply some of the concepts of sustainable development including emphasizing on the environment, participation, futurity, and equity. Emphasizing on the environment involves considering the full and actual environmental costs

Outsourcing In The Hotel Industry Business Essay

Outsourcing In The Hotel Industry Business Essay Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction Outsourcing is the opportunity for the organization in hospitality industry and some others industry as well which can provide service and product for them and can enhance their profitability without producing things are internally. As an example Hotels can outsource their food and beverage, marketing process, HR process etc., from their outsource provider. By outsourcing firms can get more opportunity in the market to run their business in a better way.Becouse it can be really risk free and more productive in terms of the flexibility and availability. According to Fair and Shaw (1997) abstract, outsourcing can be defined as the process of acquiring an item that the company cannot produce internally. It engages delegating or replacementing an internal service or role with an external service which is provided by experts who are skilful in the condition of that service accordingly. In another way outsourcing is the way to operate a business with less management and operation risk and within a time frame. It can increase the profitability within the organization and can enhance the brand image in terms of better service and efficiency. Because when firms prefer the outsource rather than doing things by won they can get some more option and more trust and less risk which can make their service more effective and productive. 1.2 Problem Statement In the new global economy, outsourcing has becoming a central issue among expert in the hotel industry. Outsourcing is a method, which has been adapted by various companies to provide various services to customers and employees. Someone else, from an external resource, implements outsoaring. By using this method, it helps the company to reduce cost. Most companies use outsourcing/third party for better efficiency. Established company utilize this method to improve their service quality. Outsourcing provides specialised functions to help complete the task. In fact, many hotels are opting for the outsourcing business strategy to help the hotel business in keeping up with their rival hotel and the same time cut on their cost. In the research paper it discussed that the benefit of hotels outsourcing of HR and Marketing section. So, the problem statement is To what extant hotels are benefited by doing outsourcing -a study on Holiday Inn hotel. In the research work, the researcher must have very clear understanding of the topic or problem they are investigating. Without clear and sufficient theoretical knowledge it will become difficult to conduct any research work. For my research topic it is important to acquire theoretical knowledge about the functions of outsourcing in order to analyse the importance, impact and prospects of outsourcing. This research work could not be completed properly without collecting data and gathering information correctly and using them appropriately. A lot of text books, reference books, journals and reports were consulted to prepare this research work in line of the aim and objectives of the research work. The most important task was to get the primary data from the management team of Holiday Inn Hotel. 1.3 Research Question Its absolutely essential to develop a research question that I interested in or care about in order to focus my research and my paper .This study is set up to answer following research question To do outsourcing is a good idea for hotel business? Is Outsourcing more effective than doing things by own? How outsourcing can give some extra benefit for the organization? How outsourcing can reduce the cost and risk for the organization? What are the main reasons for outsourcing HR and Marketing process? How outsourcing has positively contributed to the financial position of the hotel? How correctly executed outsourcing can enhance the hotels competitiveness? 1.4 Significance/scope of the research This research can help individuals, especially decision-makers and planners, as well as firms identify the various components of outsourcing that can bring many potential benefits, such as cost reduction, performance improvement, flexibility, specialisation, and access to innovation on the business of hotels by utilising it. It is a fact that most companies are at under great pressure to take up outsourcing as a major competition. The Hotel Industry is one of the thriving businesses in the world. In fact, in this globalised world many hotels are opting for the outsourcing business strategy to help the hotel business in keeping up with their rival hotels and at the same time cut on their cost. For this case study I want to try to find out to what degree the hotels can benefit from outsourcing their HR process and Marketing process from the study of Holiday Inn hotel in Brentwood, UK. There are two types of outsourcing which is implemented in the hotel industry. This includes selective outsourcing and complete outsourcing. Selective outsourcing pertains to certain functions which are chosen for outsourcing, which can be the database of customers or accounts records of the hotel and etc. On the other hand, complete outsourcing refers to the whole function which is outsourced. Though hotels are recognising the importance of outsourcing, this does not mean that this business strategy is applicable to all. Outsourcing can be viewed as the process whereby activities traditionally carried out internally is contracted out to external providers. Outsourcing has become a significant facet of modern hotel management. As the market for outsourcing grows, it will have a dramatic impact on how businesses are structured, managed and viewed by owners, employees, and customers. In spite of fairly extensive coverage given to hotel outsourcing management issues, there has been limited academic research in this area. Besides, no specific accounting focused studies concerned with hotel outsourcing have been found in the literature. 1.5 Research Objectives The purpose of this research work is to examine and assess the effectiveness of outsourcing of the hotel. The main objective of this research is to examine and discuss the influence the outsourcing of the hotel and its impact on cost and benefits. This research work also aims to provide an insight of how important the outsourcing is to increase the productivity of the hotel. Outsourcing carries significant implications for a hotels cost structure and control procedures. In light of this, it is important that hotel accountants are appropriately equipped to play an active role in outsourcing decision-making and control. The objective of this research is to provide a management accounting perspective on issues surrounding hotel outsourcing management. This work outlines the many costs and benefits that should be considered when deciding whether to outsource. The objectives are as follows: To criticallydiscuss the effect and influence the outsourcing of the hotel on business performance. To study about how does outsourcing is managed by the hotel. To discuss and identify critically how it helps cut costs while managing outsourcing. To discuss about how it help compete with other hotels in order to cut costs and earn profits for the hotel. 1.6 Ethical Issues In preparing my research project it is important that I need to consider with the ethical issues that will arise when I was collecting data and trying to make communication with people. I also believe seriously the human rights and wrong of what I may be undertaking and the moral values and principles that guide my actions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I have done my communication section very clearly and sincerely for the understanding of the nature and reasons for my research, whom it may benefit and how, and what costs or risks are involved for informants. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I respect peoples even they are not cooperate with me, or pull out from the project. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I also tried to avoid, or at least acquire some ladder to reduce, pointless Destruction, hazard or false to the collection of people I was learning and working with them as well as sourcing embarrassment to them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I tried to protect the individuality of respondents where essential and treat them with respect. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ For the privacy I did not allowed any third parties access to sensitive information I may have obtain. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regarding the confidentiality it was totally in memory contracts with the person, the group of people, or an organisation, about what may be done with their data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regarding the anonymity I can give the certainty that there was a require of identifiers vis-à  -vis information that basically indicate which individuals or organisations provided which data. Consideration of the above issues clearly I can take it very critically when I need to handle the responsive information. 1.7 Hypotheses Successful implementation of outsourcing can result in enhanced brand recognition and profitable for the hotels. Outsourcing can reduce cost and risk and can give some better feedback for the organization. Outsourcing can enhance hotels competitiveness Outsourcing can be a positive contribution for the financial position of the hotel Chapter 2 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Introduction of Literature review 2.2 Outsourcing Contract with two organization one is outsource supplier and another one is outsource holder . most of the big companies currently prefer the outsource process for their different type of service, such as call canter services, food and beverage outlet-mail services, recruitment process ,Marketing and HR process. Those processing can be handle by the supplier and outsource holders can trust them fully because outsourcing providers basically more careful and aware regarding their responsibilities. Knowles and also Davis .Lockwood, Pantelidis and Alcott (2008) define contract catering and food services management as operations that provide meals in outlets that do not have the provision to produce them. Moreover Coates (1971 cited by Wilson, Murray, Black and McDowell 1998:74) define a contract caterer as: An individual or company, who in recognition of financial reward, will undertake to administer, control and direct a specified catering operation within the guidelines stipulated by the [client] company. 2.3 Reasons of outsourcing Although the main objective of outsourcing is often cost reduction, many companies fail to realize any cost benefits. In particular, Gartner is predicting that by 2007, 80% of organizations that outsource customer service projects with the primary goal of cutting costs, will fail in that attempt. Part of the reasoning behind this statistic is the high staff attrition rates at outsourcing companies, sometimes as high as 80% to 100%. Combine this added cost from attrition along with the hidden costs of client loss due to increased frustration and its clear that an outsourcing engagement, if not careful monitored, can easily fail. Among the lots of reason of outsourcing some key reasons are flexibility, cost reducing, availability, good quality etc. All those factors are influencing the organizations of hospitality industry to go for outsourcing. It can reduce the risk management for the particular organization as well. Another important reason for outsourcing is the time convenience in terms of quick service. Outsourcing is an important phenomenon in hotel sector. It is changing from a tactical to a strategic perspective, with greater scope and relevance to the creation of competitive advantages. The opening up of hotels to outsourcing and strategic alliances improves individual competitiveness, but also has strong repercussions on destinations, especially those in a stage of maturity and requiring new approaches to improve competitiveness. This change in inter organizational relationships to a strategic perspective requires new theoretical and practical frameworks to make it easier for hotels to outsource their operations with greater potential for competitive advantage. 2.4 Outsourcing and organizational performance Outsourcing is attractive to senior management because it improves some of the Dimensions of organizational performance (Lilly et al., 2005). According to the survey, conducted by Accenture and the Economist Intelligence Unit, two-thirds of the respondents all of whom had been outsourcing a major business process for at least two years agreed that outsourcers who know how to manage the process can enhance their companys performance and achieve a high level of satisfaction with the results (Lacey and Blumberg, 2005).Gilley and Rasheed (2000) proposed that organizational performance in hotels improves for three reasons. First, an increased focus on a firms core competencies is an important benefit associated with outsourcing (Dess et al., 1995; Gilley and Rasheed, 2000; Kotabe and Murray, 1990; Venkatraman, 1997). The evolving literature on core competencies has been concerned with the make-or-buy decision that every firm faces. Should a hotel run its own restaurant, clean its own rooms and common areas, and trim its own trees, or should it outsource these tasks to vendors that specialise in catering, janitorial services and grounds keeping (Espino-RodrÄ ±Ã‚ ´guez and Padro ´n-Robaina, 2005; Taylor, 2005; Walker and Weber, 1987)? Ronald Coase (1937) first tackled this question 70 years ago in a classic article. His broad argument was similar to Adam Smiths: if an outside party can do the work more efficiently and inexpensively than can the firm itself, then the outside party ought to do it: if the firms employees can do the job better, then the work ought to remain in-house (Bahli, 2002; Espino-RodrÄ ±Ã‚ ´guez and Padro ´n-Robaina, 2005; Taylor, 2005). 2.5 Conclusion of literature review There are a number of studies that focus on explaining the effect of outsourcing. Abraham and Taylor (1996) find that firms contract out services with the objectives of smoothing production cycles and benefiting from specialisation. Raa and Wolff (2001) find a positive association between the rate of outsourcing and productivity growth (Jiang and Qureshi, 2006). Elmuti (2003) also provided support for empirical evidence for an outsourcing-productivity relationship. He found that outsourcing accounted for about 40 per cent of the variance in productivity. Many outsourcing studies in hospitality industry debate the advantages and disadvantages contractor catering and food service management operations. This research critically discuses to what extent hotels can benefit from outsourcing their food and beverage operation. A hotel may benefit from outsourcing their Food and beverage facility because managers can focus on their core competency. Also, it brings to the hotels external suppliers investment and with it innovation at minimum financial risk. For this reasons hotels are likely to gain better competitive advantage. Chapter 3 3.0 Methodology 3.1 The nature of study In light of the substantial international literature describing hotel outsourcing, it appears that outsourcing in hotels is relatively limited. Like there are some key sections for outsourcing for the hotel Industry those are HR process, marketing and pay roll. 3.2 Source of Data and Data Collection Procedure The research has been conducted with primary data. For the primary data collection process I used the qualitative date collection process which is interview base. For my study I chose structure interview and prepared a list of question. Based on my question I have done my interview through asking question step by step which helped me to get result very clearly. 3.3 Population and Sample Size of this Study Holiday Inn is the UKs largest and fastest-growing hotel brand with over 580 budget hotels and more than 40,000 rooms across the UK and Ireland And from all of them my research area is Holiday Inn Brentwood, UK, were considered as the population for this study. From the management team 8 to 10 were selected as the respondents for collecting the data for my research. The responses of the respondents interviewed were analysed to gain insights into qualitative aspects of the outsourcing activities used by their firms. Qualitative analysis of the collected data from the respondents firms has been made. 3.4 Interview Question The research data were collected using Interview Question. At first a request letter were e-mailed to all the operation management team of the Holiday Inn Hotel , a population of more than 8 team members in total. In all, 3 responses were received, representing a response rate of over 40%. And finally got the appointment for the interview with the Operation Manager of Holiday Inn Hotel and two of the members from their management team. Non-response bias may also possibly have affected the results. Respondents were asked to answer their question step by step .interview question was divided into three sections, each of which is detailed below. A copy of the questionnaire is included as Appendix 2. Interview with Operation Manager It was a face to face interview and the time period was one hour. There was a sample question which contains 3 sections. All regarding outsourcing of Holiday Inn hotel. First section was regarding outsourcing functions and benefits; second section was regarding the suppliers and quality of outsourcing and the third section was the opinion part of the respondent. Interview with the management team members It was also a face to face group interview with two management team members. It was more than 30 munities discussion and was a very effective session for my research. Location The interviews were in Holiday Inn Brentwood M25, Jct.28, and Brook Street, Brentwood, CM14 5NF United Kingdom. Other details The research was conducted between 5th December and 6th December 2010.Respondant was Ujjal Chwdhury the operation Manager, Ashfaq Khan and Azaz Bhimani the management team members.The researcher is Farhana Sorker. 4.0 Finding and Analysis 4.1 Background of the organization The first Holiday Inn opened in  Memphis,Tennessee  in  1952. The chain was established to provide inexpensive accommodations for families and travelers within the US. It was acquired by the Intercontinental Hotels Group  (IGH) in  1990. In October  2007, IHG announced a worldwide relaunch of the Holiday Inn brand including a redesigned welcome experience along with signature bedding and bathroom products. Included within the Holiday Inn brand is  Holiday Inn Express, a mid-priced chain of express hotels which focuses on value and convenience for business travelers who dont require more than the most standard amenities. 4.1.1 Brand Image of Holiday Inn Hotel One of the worlds most recognised hotel brands with a global reputation for service, comfort and value. Holiday Inn offer todays business and leisure travellers dependability, friendly service and modern attractive facilities at an excellent value and at convenient locations throughout the world. Since 1952 Holiday Inn Hotels have provided the services business travellers need, while also offering leisure travelers a comfortable, casual atmosphere where they can relax. And now, a global relaunch of the Holiday Inn brand family is in its final stages and is expected to be complete by the end of 2010. The relaunch will improve quality and service levels, and drive consistency, creating a new, more contemporary brand image at all Holiday Inn hotels around the world. 4.2 Summary of findings 4.2.1 Outsourcing Function in Holiday Inn Hotel Holiday Inn Hotel working with Hcareers to outsource their recruitment process which is basically working for their workforce. Hcareers have a very good image in the market as a outsource provider.And they are providing the accurate one in the accurate place for theorganization.Currently Hcareers operating their business among three countries, those are US which is Hcareers.com , Canada which is Hcareer.ca and Hcareers.co.uk in United Kingdom. And all are working for the hospitality related organization. Who are looking for the job in the hospitality sector they can go and open the page and can apply over their. Hcareers trying to provide more flexible system for the job seeker. According to the operation manager of Holiday Inn Hotel it is clear that they are really happy with Hcareers service and they are getting the right person in the right place for their organization. Also they are working with caters.com for their outsourcing And for their marketing process they are using HS company and getting all the services for their promotion process. 4.2.2 Benefits of Outsourcing Outsourcing is the exercise of getting service from outside firms to maintain work usually performed within an organization which can be a familiar concept. Holiday Inn currently outsources their recruitment processing and marketing as well. Most of organization do not concern about the benefits of outsourcing. Outsourcing can reduce cost and save money, which can be a big reason to go for outsourcing but there are some more reason as well .outsourcing can reduce the management risk for the organization and can give a financial support as well. Flexibility and availability of service or product is an good example as well. And Holiday Inn is one of the companies getting the following benefits from the outsourcing. Control capital costs:  reducing cost for the organization is not only the good point to outsourcing but also it is a really major factor. Outsourcing exchange fixed expenditure into changeable expenditure, which can make complimentary assets for savings somewhere else in their industry, and allows them to stay away from huge expenditures in the early phases of their business. Outsourcing also makes their organization more attractive for the investors, since they are able to drive extra assets in a straight line into revenue-producing performance. Increase efficiency:  Doing everything by own the companies need to follow some more investigate, expansion, promotion, and delivery charge. Thats why Holiday Inn decides to do the outsourcing process. By outsourcing they are getting more efficiency in their business. Reduce labour costs.  Maintaining the HR department by own can be very costly for an organization, and its also heard to get feedback on right time by the temporary employees. So that Hiloday Inn working with Hcarear and caters.com and this Outsourcing by which they can focus their human resources where they require them mainly. Start new projects quickly.  Holiday Inn getting the best service and facilities from their outsourcing firms. Because of the flexibility, efficiency and availability they can start a new project within a very short time and can get the services from their outsource providers as their requirement. Focus on your core business.  All organization has restricted capital, and all managers has inadequate time and concentration which is not different for Holiday Inn. Outsourcing helping them for their business to move its focal point from tangential performance toward work that hand out the customers outsourcing helpful for managers to place their precedences extra evidently. Reduce risk.  All business has some risk and they have to face it when they operate their business. Every thing can change very quickly in this world .Outsourcing providers take for granted and handle this risk for the Holiday Inn Hotel, which normally a large amount better for come to a decision how to avoid risk in their section of proficiency. 4.2.3 Suppliers Hcareer and caters.com and HS company are the outsource suppliers for Holiday Inn Hotel.Hcareer and Caters.com is for their recruitment process and HS Company is for Marketing strategy. 4.2.4 Quality maintain by outsourcing The Product Specification Quality Requirements (PSQRà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢),The ultimate goal of The PSQR is to act as a central point to assemble, share and verify critical information related to the product. The Product Specification (PS) details the products bill of materials, packaging and other physical components and their assembly or relationship together. The Quality Requirements (QR) details what is expected from the product in terms of appearance, workmanship, performance, testing and packaging. Together they form the complete PSQR, which becomes a controlled document, and becomes the marching orders for the Quality Team at the outsourced manufacturers facility to see that the product produced and shipped is equivalent to everything outlined and detailed in the PSQR. Typically, the development of the PSQR is a cumulative and additive process with a focus on continuous improvements over a reasonable amount of time. Team involvement is essential to make the PSQR comprehensive and relevant for all users. Seldom is it perfect from the start. It is only after considerable c ontributions and sharing / debating by various personalities and disciplines within the system that a PSQR can be at its peak of usefulness and relevance. All participants in the PSQR development process must pay very close attention to details to ensure success. The following template has been developed and refined over a number of years in practice of managing the quality of products at outsourced suppliers facilities. Designed to be prepared in close collaboration with the outsourced supplier it presents a standard format for compiling the Product Specifications and Quality Requirements and may easily be adapted to meet special requirements as needed. In this way Holiday Inn getting the more quality service from their supplier and controlling the quality of their company. 5.0 Recommendation The key things for outsourcing that have to have a good negotiation power when an organization decide to do any outsource, need to have a right people in contract respect to details to be actually tern on the negotiation basis and the contract need to be actually followed up so ether way in terms of breach of contact than both party should know in respect of what is can do things and what cant do things in respect to the both of the organization (Outsourcing provider and outsourcing holder) to help. And the same time the cost element effect organization can subsidise quite a lot because the delivery will be on time. So based on that its better for organization to move forward and to get a better product and resource its better to go for outsourcing. 6.0 Conclusion At the end of this research it clearly understandable that hotels are really benefited by doing outsourcing in terms of management risk and cost quality control process. It can enhance the hotels competitiveness and can reduce the operational risk which indicate that outsourcing has positively contributed to the financial position of the hotel. By outsourcing when an organization can get more benefit rather than doing things by own, so it can be happen that most organizations are really dependent on outsourcing. From the hospitality industry hotels are like Holiday Inn hotel getting a big amount benefit which is helping them to operate their business very frequently with a good quality and assured them to keep the business for long time. By this kind of facility organization can achieve their goal on time.